The monophyletic origin of the species is highly supported. The present study proposes that this vicariance has probably derived from the Alps acting as a barrier to the species dispersal. ciliata into the two subspecies, one spreading west (Iberian Peninsula and Central Massif) and the other east of the Alps region (Italian and Balkan Peninsula). Plastid DNA evidence, especially in the cases of rps16 and trnL markers, was in accordance with the division of S. Major intraspecific variation was supported by all analyses, while the possibility of existence of more varieties or subspecies was not favoured. For this purpose, we collected DNA from 25 populations of the species that inhabit the mountains of Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, FYROM, Bulgaria and Greece and studied the plastid regions rbcL, rps16 and trnL. ciliata into two subspecies, b) evaluate its phylogenetic origin and c) assess whether the speciesĀ“ diversification patterns were affected by the Mediterranean relief. We investigated the phylogeny and phylogeography of the species in an attempt to a) clarify the long suggested division of S. (Caryophyllaceae) is a species with a highly disjunct distribution that inhabits the alpine mountains of the Mediterranean Basin.
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